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Introduction to an informative and factual blog post Icelandic Language Leisure Book 423 With no written records of Icelandic before the 14th century, little is known about the language's early history. The first linguistic work on Icelanders was written by Bishop Thomas Arneus in 1678, but he only had access to a few texts dating from before 1500. The first text that appears to be original Icelandic writing dates from 1787, but scholars are uncertain about its authenticity. The voyages of Jón Sigurðsson, who left Iceland in 1809, were also responsible for an increase in vocabulary stocks due to the texts he collected during his travels. These were published in Icelandic for the first time in 1815. In 1874, a government-sponsored body was established to promote the teaching of Icelandic as a native tongue. Between those years and 1925, several dictionaries, grammars and readers were published, as was "Staðbók Náttúrulands" (1905), a school reader, followed by more elaborate works such as "Staðbók íslenskra mála" (1938) and "Börn og bólur" (1952). A number of grammars and dictionaries have been printed since then. The "Icelandic Language Board" was established in 1995. Its goal is to update grammar, orthography and uniform spelling rules for the national language standard. The Icelandic alphabet contains 32 letters, 20 of which are unique to Icelandic, but also includes the letters "ç, þ" that are only used in Icelandic. Like English, Icelandic words are stressed on any syllable other than the last one. There are five vowel phonemes: , , , , . The last two tend to be pronounced differently depending on their environment. and always become before a consonant; and always become before front vowels. If a word contains both , and , each vowel has its normal sound, unless the first vowel is followed by an r, if the first vowel is followed by an l or n, or if either vowel would be pronounced as a diphthong with the preceding vowel; then only one of the pair is used. Additionally, Icelandic has both long and short vowels depending on whether there is a double letter in the same syllable: long vowels: "á, é, í, ó", and "ú", and short vowels: "a, e, i, o" and "u". In Icelandic, there is a tendency to pronounce words with "r" and "l" verses with "r". In addition, Icelandic has a tendency to pronounce words with "á", followed by a long vowel, verses with "á", followed by another vowel. For example: Icelandic is a highly inflected language, although it does not have case distinctions in word formation. Inflection can be seen in adjectives and verbs. Verbs are conjugated for tense, mood and voice. Verbs are divided into three classes: strong verbs ("þuríkisgengi"), weak verbs ("esiðsgengi") and mixed verbs ("onsúmáttugengi"). cfa1e77820